Sun and planet gea

Sun and planet gear:

Sun and planet gearing was a method of converting reciprocating motion into rotary motion in steam engines. It was famously used by James Watt on his early steam engines in order to get around the patent on the crank.

In the illustration, the sun is yellow, the planet red, the reciprocating arm is blue, the flywheel is green and the drive shaft is grey.

largest diesel piston with piston rod

This pic shows the worlds largest diesel piston with piston rod...it burns 1,660 gallons heavy fuel oil per hour for making power...!!
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steering mechanism

Bomb Calorimeter

Bomb Calorimeter
A type of calorimeter used in very precise measurements of heats of reaction is called the bomb calorimeter. It is used to measure energy changes for reactions that will not happen until they are deliberately initiated, for example, combustions which must be ignited. The reactants are put into the "bomb", which is then sealed and immersed in a large, well-insulated vat of water. When the reaction is set off, the bomb, the water, and any piece of the equipment sticking into the water absorb any heat that is liberated, and the temperature of the entire contents of the vat rises. The stirrer ensures that any heat released becomes uniformly

Enthalpy of Formation

Enthalpy of Formation
The enthalpy of formation is defined as the enthalpy of a substance at a specified state due to its chemical composition1

Enthalpy of Combustion

Enthalpy of Combustion
The enthalpy of reaction in a combustion process is called the enthalpy of combustion (symbolized by hc). The calculation for an enthalpy of combustion is done for 1 kmol (1 kg) of fuel is burned completely at a specified temperature and pressure and can be expressed1:
hc = Hprod – Hreact

Enthalpy

Enthalpy
Enthalpy is the system we use to measure that change in energy of a closed system due to chemical bonds being broken.

First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics states that in any closed system, energy is conserved. Which means that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but it can only
change forms. Meaning:
ΔEsys = 0 and ΔEproducts = -ΔEreactants

QUESTION.....?

Q: Which of the following can be called as a refrigeration process?
a) Cooling of hot ingot from 1000oC to room temperature
b) Cooling of a pot of water by mixing it with a large block of ice
c) Cooling of human beings using a ceiling fan
d) Cooling of a hot cup of coffee by leaving it on a table
e) Cooling of hot water by mixing it with tap water
f) Cooling of water by creating vacuum over it
Ans: b) and f)

NATURAL REFRIGERATION

Natural Refrigeration
In olden days refrigeration was achieved by natural means such as the use of ice or evaporative cooling. In earlier times, ice was either:
1. Transported from colder regions,
2. Harvested in winter and stored in ice houses for summer use or,
3. Made during night by cooling of water by radiation to stratosphere.

REFRIGERATION

Refrigeration may be defined as the process of achieving and maintaining a temperature below that of the surroundings, the aim being to cool some product or space to the required temperature.

SUBCOOLING

Subcooling
Let us now consider a single component refrigerant at a fixed pressure in a liquid state.
If we pass the liquid through a cooler its temperature will fall. The difference in temperature between the saturation temperature and the measured temperature is called the subcooling effect which is expressed in temperature units°C or °F. As an example of this let us consider water from the cold tap. The temperature of this water is usually about 5°C. The normal boiling point or saturation point of water at atmospheric pressure is 100°C so our tap water is said to be subcooled by 95°C. Hot water will still be subcooled by whatever the difference between is temperature and the boiling point is.
Subcooling is important in the expansion and evaporating parts of the refrigeration cycle.
Two phase

LATENT HEAT

Heat is added to the liquid (which in this case is water) causing it’s temperature to rise until it reaches its boiling point. When the liquid reaches its boiling point it begins to change into steam.
In order to change into steam the water requires additional energy from the heater element.The water temperature will not rise above the boiling point until all the liquid has been evaporated.This additional energy is known as latent heat.
Fig.3 shows the type of evaporator which we manufacture

Chain drive

Chain drive

Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another. It is often used to convey power to the wheels of a vehicle, particularly bicycles and motorcycles. It is also used in a wide variety of machines besides vehicles.Most often, the power is conveyed by a roller chain, known as the drive chain or transmission chain,passing over a sprocket gear, with the teeth of the gear meshing with the holes in the links of the chain. The gear is turned, and this pulls the chain putting mechanical force into the system.

Chains versus belts

Roller chain and sprockets is a very efficient method of power transmission compared to belts, with far less frictional loss.

Although chains can be made stronger than belts, their greater mass increases drive train inertia.


Drive chains are most often made of metal, while belts are often rubber, plastic, or other substances. Drive belts can slip unless they have teeth which means that the output side may not rotate at a precise speed, and some work gets lost to the friction of the belt against its rollers. Teeth on toothed drive belts generally wear faster than links on chains, but wear on rubber or plastic belts and their teeth is often easier to observe.

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first and third angle projection

4 stroke i.c engine

I.C ENGINE

become an engineer: What is sound?• Sound is produced when something ...

become an engineer: What is sound?
• Sound is produced when something ...: What is sound? • Sound is produced when something vibrates, like the speaker in your stereo. When the speaker pushes on the air, it compr...

What is sound?
• Sound is produced when something vibrates, like the speaker in your stereo. When the speaker
pushes on the air, it compresses it.
• The vibrating speaker produces a series of pressure waves
• The waves travel to the ear causing the ear drum to vibrate.
• But notice that you did not hear the speaker vibrate, nor the sound waves move through the air.
It was only when the sound waves moved your ear drum and activity reached your cortex that
you perceived sound. How this occurs is the subject of this lecture.
• A loud sound is produced when the speaker produces a large vibration. The large vibration
produces large waves of compressed air. Soft sounds are produced by a small vibration.
• A high frequency sound is produced when the speaker vibrates rapidly. This produces a
closely spaced series of air pressure waves. Low frequency sounds are produced when the
speaker vibrates slowly.
• The normal range of frequencies audible to humans is 20 to 20,000 Hz (the number of
vibration per second). A range of 200 to 2000 Hz is required to understand speech.

Shift registers are a type of sequential logic circuit, mainly for storage of
digital data.

Unit of Refrigeration:
Capacity of refrigeration unit is generally defined in ton of refrigeration. A ton of
refrigeration is defined as the quantity of heat to be removed in order to form one ton
(1000 kg) of ice at 00C in 24 hrs, from liquid water at 00C. This is equivalent to 3.5 kJ/s
(3.5 kW) or 210 kJ/min

The power-to-weight ratio is the ratio of
horsepower to vehicle weight. If a vehicle’s engine has a high
horsepower rating, but a heavy weight, it may not perform
as well as a vehicle that is lighter, even if it has less
horsepower. A power-to-weight ratio is often expressed as a
single number. For example, a power-to-weight ratio of 18.5
means one horsepower has to move 18.5 pounds of vehicle
weight. A lower power-to-weight ratio may mean superior
vehicle performance, regardless of the horsepower rating

The term transistor 
was derived from the words TRANSfer and resISTOR. This term was adopted because it best describes the 
operation of the transistor - the transfer of an input signal current from a low-resistance circuit to a high-
resistance circuit. Basically, the transistor is a solid-state device that amplifies by controlling the flow of 
current carriers through its semiconductor materials. 

A capacitor is a device which stores electric charge.

Horsepower is the customary unit for measuring the power
of an engine. By definition, one horsepower is the power
needed to lift 33,000 pounds a distance of one foot in
one minute.

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